容器的使用
2021-06-08 大约 5 分钟
# 获取镜像
如果我们本地没有 ubuntu 镜像，我们可以使用 docker pull 命令来载入 ubuntu 镜像：
PS C:\Users\ASUS> docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
PS C:\Users\ASUS> docker pull ubuntu
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/ubuntu
345e3491a907: Pull complete
57671312ef6f: Pull complete
5e9250ddb7d0: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:adf73ca014822ad8237623d388cedf4d5346aa72c270c5acc01431cc93e18e2d
Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:latest
docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest
PS C:\Users\ASUS>
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# 启动容器
以下命令使用 ubuntu 镜像启动一个容器，参数为以命令行模式进入该容器：
# docker run -it ubuntu /bin/bash
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker run -it ubuntu /bin/bash
root@aa996b05499f:/# ls
bin boot dev etc home lib lib32 lib64 libx32 media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
root@aa996b05499f:/#
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参数说明：
- -i: 交互式操作。
- -t: 终端。
- ubuntu: ubuntu 镜像。
- /bin/bash：放在镜像名后的是命令，这里我们希望有个交互式 Shell，因此用的是 /bin/bash。
# exit 退出终端
root@aa996b05499f:/# exit
exit
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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# 启动已停止运行的容器
查看所有容器；
# docker ps -a
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 17 minutes ago Exited (0) 6 seconds ago hopeful_goodall
c1110cbddef9 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours myUbantu
0fb0e9c06a91 ubuntu:15.10 "/bin/sh -c 'while t…" 16 hours ago Exited (137) 15 hours ago blissful_bassi
8a725ffa2d7b ubuntu:15.10 "/bin/bash" 16 hours ago Exited (0) 16 hours ago competent_taussig
4f3d7da2824d ubuntu:15.10 "/bin/echo 'Hello wo…" 16 hours ago Exited (0) 4 minutes ago relaxed_wright
1621b955ca78 hello-world "/hello" 16 hours ago Exited (0) 4 minutes ago vigilant_ramanujan
05cb3af84499 docker/getting-started "/docker-entrypoint.…" 25 hours ago Exited (0) 25 hours ago strange_davinci
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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启动一个已停止的容器：
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker start aa996b05499f
aa996b05499f
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 18 minutes ago Up 8 seconds hopeful_goodall
c1110cbddef9 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours myUbantu
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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# 后台运行;
在大部分的场景下，我们希望 docker 的服务是在后台运行的，我们可以过 -d 指定容器的运行模式。
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker run -itd --name ubuntu-test ubuntu /bin/bash
7af0632382d0a7307b9d8cdae5012cd0bf86aa8e32c14e2a1ab36d3049e7ee3b
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7af0632382d0 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes ubuntu-test
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 22 minutes ago Up 4 minutes hopeful_goodall
c1110cbddef9 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours myUbantu
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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**注：**加了 -d 参数默认不会进入容器，想要进入容器需要使用指令 docker exec。
# 停止一个容器;
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker stop 7af0632382d0
7af0632382d0
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 24 minutes ago Up 6 minutes hopeful_goodall
c1110cbddef9 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours myUbantu
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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# 重启一个容器
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7af0632382d0 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 5 minutes ago Up 6 seconds ubuntu-test
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 25 minutes ago Up 7 minutes hopeful_goodall
c1110cbddef9 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours myUbantu
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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# 进入容器
在使用 -d 参数时，容器启动后会进入后台。此时想要进入容器，可以通过以下指令进入：
- docker attach
- docker exec：推荐大家使用 docker exec 命令，因为此退出容器终端，不会导致容器的停止。
attach 命令
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7af0632382d0 ubuntu "/bin/bash" 5 minutes ago Up 6 seconds ubuntu-test
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 25 minutes ago Up 7 minutes hopeful_goodall
c1110cbddef9 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours myUbantu
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker attach 7af0632382d0
root@7af0632382d0:/# ls
bin boot dev etc home lib lib32 lib64 libx32 media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
root@7af0632382d0:/# exit
exit
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 29 minutes ago Up 11 minutes hopeful_goodall
c1110cbddef9 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours myUbantu
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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注意： 如果从这个容器退出，会导致容器的停止。
exec 命令
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker exec -it 7af0632382d0 /bin/bash
Error response from daemon: Container 7af0632382d0a7307b9d8cdae5012cd0bf86aa8e32c14e2a1ab36d3049e7ee3b is not running
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker exec -it aa996b05499f /bin/bash
root@aa996b05499f:/# ls
bin boot dev etc home lib lib32 lib64 libx32 media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
root@aa996b05499f:/# exit
exit
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 31 minutes ago Up 13 minutes hopeful_goodall
c1110cbddef9 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours myUbantu
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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注意： 如果从这个容器退出，容器不会停止，这就是为什么推荐大家使用 docker exec 的原因。
# 导出和导入容器
# 导出容器
如果要导出本地某个容器，可以使用 docker export 命令。
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 31 minutes ago Up 13 minutes hopeful_goodall
c1110cbddef9 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours myUbantu
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker export aa996b05499f > ubuntu.tar
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ ll
total 97096
drwxrwxrwx 1 wangyawei wangyawei 512 Jun 6 15:20 ./
dr-xr-xr-x 1 wangyawei wangyawei 512 May 26 22:03 ../
drwxrwxrwx 1 wangyawei wangyawei 512 Feb 10 16:16 .AutoSignMachine/
drwxrwxrwx 1 wangyawei wangyawei 512 May 21 21:56 .Ld2VirtualBox/
drwxrwxrwx 1 wangyawei wangyawei 512 Mar 2 2018 .QtWebEngineProcess/
-rwxrwxrwx 1 wangyawei wangyawei 75085824 Jun 6 15:20 ubuntu.tar* # 导出的文件
'/mnt/c/Users/ASUS/AppData/Roaming/Microsoft/Windows/Start Menu'/
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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这样将导出容器快照到本地文件。
# 导入容器快照
可以使用 docker import 从容器快照文件中再导入为镜像，以下实例将快照文件 ubuntu.tar 导入到镜像 test/ubuntu:v1:
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ cat ubuntu.tar | docker import - test/ubuntu:v1
sha256:e5b44748d7b698029a4919b2e9e11a5eae9e56d9360dd0ef35a3dc35e36f9579
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
test/ubuntu v1 e5b44748d7b6 12 seconds ago 72.7MB
ubuntu latest 7e0aa2d69a15 6 weeks ago 72.7MB
docker/getting-started latest 3ba8f2ff0727 2 months ago 27.9MB
hello-world latest d1165f221234 3 months ago 13.3kB
ubuntu 15.10 9b9cb95443b5 4 years ago 137MB
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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# 删除容器
删除容器使用 docker rm 命令：
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 47 minutes ago Up 29 minutes hopeful_goodall
c1110cbddef9 ubuntu:latest "/bin/bash" 5 hours ago Up 5 hours myUbantu
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker rm -f c1110cbddef9
c1110cbddef9
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
aa996b05499f ubuntu "/bin/bash" 48 minutes ago Up 30 minutes hopeful_goodall
wangyawei@yaweidediannao:/mnt/c/Users/ASUS$
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